What actually happens during menstruation?

Menstruation, often called a period, is a natural part of the female reproductive cycle. It’s the body’s way of preparing for a possible pregnancy, and if fertilization doesn’t happen, it sheds the uterine lining. Here’s a step-by-step look at the process:

1. Uterus Prepares for Pregnancy

  • Each month, hormones like estrogen and progesterone signal the uterus to build a thick, nutrient-rich lining (endometrium).

  • This lining is ready to support a fertilized egg.

2. Ovulation Occurs

  • Around the middle of the menstrual cycle, the ovary releases an egg.

  • If the egg is fertilized by sperm, it may implant in the uterine lining and pregnancy occurs.

3. No Fertilization = Shedding Begins

  • If the egg isn’t fertilized, hormone levels drop.

  • This signals the uterus that the thickened lining is no longer needed.

4. Blood and Tissue Exit the Body

  • The uterus contracts to push out the lining.

  • Period blood consists of:

    • Blood

    • Endometrial tissue

    • Cervical mucus

  • Flow usually lasts 3–7 days.

5. Other Changes During Menstruation

  • Cramps: Uterine contractions can cause lower abdominal or back pain.

  • Mood swings: Hormonal changes can lead to irritability, sadness, or anxiety.

  • Bloating & fatigue: Common symptoms due to water retention and hormone shifts.

6. Cycle Reset

  • After menstruation ends, the body begins preparing the uterine lining again for the next cycle.

  • The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, but anywhere from 21 to 35 days is normal.

✅ Summary

Menstruation is the body’s monthly reset process. The uterus builds a lining, the ovary releases an egg, and if pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining is shed as blood and tissue. Symptoms like cramps, bloating, and mood changes are normal and part of this natural cycle.

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